analysis of the latest and mos scholarship. Contact email: Bo
The Union Blockade In to a h The American Civil War: A Reassessment. By Michael did a Brem Bonner and Peter McCord. Bibliography, index, n University of Tennessee Press, https://utpress.org, 2021, 217
It has long been accepted historiography that the Union naval blockade of Confederate ports became more effective
as the war progressed, cripple the Southern economy, and was
a major factor in the Union’s ultimate victory. This book
challenges those assumptions w voluminous data from the Offic
Records, the British admiralty and anecdotal sources. While
the blockade affected Southern morale psychologically, the ca
and-mouse game of evading the Union blockade actually became more effective as the war ente the 1863–1864 period. The blockade was porous enough to
mismanagement, contrab only marginally affected the
the lucrative smuggling trade; hampering the arrival of needed supplies that the South could n
produce internally thus adding inflation; and, creating a sens the South of a daily reminder o
the South’s inferior resources. The authors do an extremely credible job of amassing the da
necessary to question previousl held historical interpretations de our readers with timely including psycho-historiographic ificant Civil War research and interpretations of blockade
when actual dollar amounts are in question, and shedding doubt on all of the tenets of t contributing-effective historia arguments. While many naval historians will never be satisf with the effect that current da
those ports. implies, this book at least bri The Lincoln administration new light to the conclusions of ndable job of historians with a much-needed g British concerns with the impartial viewpoint. For scholars blockade at bay. They walked a of Civil War maritime history, ate diplomatic tightrope to this volume is a must read. It convince European powers that is packed with raw data, easily the blockade was effective and readable, and balanced in its that they were thus in compliance conclusions. with the Declaration of Paris. Simultaneously they accepted the Wayne L. Wolf is Professor dirty little secret that both sides Emeritus at South Suburban kept trade channels open for their College and past president mutual benefit. of the Lincoln-Davis Civil War Blockade running was one of Roundtable. He is the author of the most lucrative enterprises of numerous books and articles the Civil War, filling the pockets including The Last Civil War of not only the blockade runners Scout, Heroes and Rogues of the but commanders, like Matthew Civil War, and Two Years Before Maury and Colin McCrae, the Paddlewheel. crews, shipbuilders, and transfer agents. Thus, while King Cotton Diplomacy failed, the Union blockade did manage to achieve
limited success in three distinct areas: the psychological impact
on the Southern populace and on those thinking of entering
Northern Engineers Prying Up Track Shadow dating is the practice of timing a photograph by studyin
the right—leading one to deduce that this picture was taken on t
Leaders series of the 1880s. When the men of the 1st Missouri En two engineer regiments at Atlanta) saw the Taber illustration, t themselves, to the point of reprinting the drawing in their regi the caption, “the First Missouri Engineers destroying a railroad
Americ sides es, unicat to be y, Ale famous he Civ ard de photog ter. A iam T. ures o sever in th nion M battle rehens he pho en a h
l War was used ent ad warshi t was als vely phot Gardner a ving made s eastern to be ran work in t an photog n’s chief fications red of th of 1864. . James B anta, Jul finitive er’s work images we
the first war i enchments, repe s, and telegrap the first Amer graphed. Mathew d Timothy O’Sul iconic photogra theater. George ed in this top e war’s western apher hired by engineer to tak around Atlanta, m in and around is most famous McPherson’s de 22, 1864. Thus isting has been For this book deem “significa
Antietam Ohio at Antietam: The Buckeye State’s Sacrifice on America’s Bloodiest Day. By Kevin R. Pawlak and Dan Welch. Photos, notes, index, 158 pp.,
Between 1861 and 1865, the Buckeye State supplied more than a third of a million sold to the Federal war effort. Thi Ohio units, ten volunteer infa regiments, two light artillery
batteries, and an unattached cavalry company, saw action on
September 17, 1862, the war’s bloodiest day. Veteran authors
Kevin R. Pawlak and Dan Welch ably chronicle the participati
of these men, and their effort to memorialize their Antietam sacrifices decades later, with slender, accessible, and wellillustrated volume. This title
the most recent addition to Th History Press’s growing catalo
of books that approach the Civ War from local angles.
Mining Ohio newspapers, regimental histories, and the
files of the Antietam National Battlefield Library, the autho
recovered the voices of ordina enlisted men who engaged in
combat atop the spine of South Mountain, the fingers of the W Woods, along the Sunken Road, and on the Federal left. Pawla
and Welch wring human color from the sources, spicing thei
narrative with evocative quote and telling anecdotes. At many
the fierce fighting on South Mountain, just three days befor Antietam. Packed into the Kanawha Division, six Ohio infantry regiments forced Fox’s Gap in tense, often hand-to-han
fighting across a low stonewall that rambled through the thickets. Commanding the 23rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry, future
president Rutherford B. Hayes was seriously wounded as his troops flanked the tiny Tarheel brigade commanded by Samuel Garland. Hayes recovered from his injuries in nearby Middleto Maryland. The second chapter narrates the battle as waged by the trio Buckeye regiments in Colonel Hector Tyndale’s XII Corps brigade. After an initial excha of musketry the morning of September 17, the Fifth, Sevent and Sixty-Sixth Ohio regiments drove to the high ground around the Dunker Church. From that knob, they pitched into the Wes Woods and bagged many enemy prisoners. The Eighth Ohio was the lone Buckeye regiment in the Army of the Potomac’s II Corps at Antietam. Summoned to support a Federal battery in the twilig
artillery duel that roared to l on September 16, the regiment
suffered few casualties. Yet it managed to find the thick of th
killing the next morning, when it advanced on the Sunken Road, a natural farm lane eroded into the earth near the Confederate center. Thomas Gawley, an Irish sergeant and clever wordsmith who left a justly famous accoun
of his regiment, noted that men fell from the ranks “by the
from the previous Sunday’s figh at Fox’s Gap, not to mention
emotionally depleted by their macabre assignment to South
Mountain’s burial detail, the I Corps troops in Colonel Hugh
Ewing’s brigade soldiered on south of Sharpsburg. Flanked by the Confederates, they suffered losses exceeding ten percent of
their effective strength. In th space of an hour, the Thirtieth
Ohio lost two color bearers. Admirably, the authors exten
into orderly prose. Pawlak and Welch likewise survey the work of the Ohio Antietam Battlefield Commission, which dedicated monuments on the field at the turn of the century. An appendix considers the storied service of commissary sergeant, and later U.S. president, William McKinley. Finally, the authors supply their readers with a handy reference list of Ohio burials in the Antietam National Cemetery. Though not great in number, “Ohio’s soldiers,” Pawlak and Welch conclude, “played a key role in preserving the Union with their actions at South Mountain and Antietam.” This book celebrates that service while als revealing the war’s horrors. The story of Ohio at Antietam was
Deadlines for Advertising or E Submissions is the 20th of each
one of pride and pain, heroi and heartbreak. Ohio at Antietam is a narr
history rather than an argum driven monograph. As such, the authors do not attempt t their work into larger inter frameworks; nor do they spen much time building larger contexts. Readers with a wor knowledge of the battle of Antietam, however, will welc this compact, well-written s of one state’s sacrifices on war’s bloodiest day.
Brian Matthew Jordan Associate Professor of Civil War History and Chair of the Department of History at Sam Houston State University. A Pulitzer Prize finalist, he author of A Thousand May Fal Life, Death, and Survival in Union Army (2021).
The Bonds of War: A Story of Immigrants and Esprit De Corps in Company C, 96th Illinois Infantry. By Diana L. Dretske. Photos, notes, index, 256 pp., 2021. Southern Illinois
At the conclusion of Virginia commemoration of the Civil War
Sesquicentennial, Dr. James I. Robertson, Jr. composed a volume as part of the Commonwealth’s Sesquicentennial Commissi series. In the preface to Civil War Echoes, Robertson wrote something that he always stresse during my time as his graduate student at Virginia Tech, “histo is the story of human beings.” T investigation of individual stor Robertson wrote, “should be the primary, most exciting avenue in the quest for knowledge” among students of history. Those who share his perspective that histo at its core is about individuals will find Diana Dretske’s study engaging, thought-provokin and powerful.
Dretske, a curator and histor at the Bess Bower Dunn Museum of Lake County, Ill., has employ micro-history to its finest to t the stories of five soldiers who
served in Company C, 96th Illinois Infantry. Initially ins by a photograph in the museum’s collections of these five men, only one of whom initially, Edward Murray, was identified, Dretske’s investigation into the remaining four not only revealed their names, Loughlin Madden, James Murrie, William Lewin, and John Taylor, but resurrected “their connection as neighbors and immigrants.” Murray, Madden, Murrie, Lewin, and Taylor immigrated to the United States between
in Lake County, the state’s most northeastern county. Murray immigrated from Ireland, Madden and Lewin from England, Murrie and Taylor from Scotland. Although these five men did not enlist at the war’s outset, they responded to President Abraham Lincoln’s summer of 1862 call for 300,000 volunteers. The five men served in the 96th Illinois Infantry and the author does an impeccable job of highlighting the regiment’s experiences during the conflict, including performing various labor tasks during the first yea of their enlistment and the 96th combat experiences in Tennessee and Georgia. This is not, nor wa it ever intended to be, a regime history. Dretske’s superb study an intimate history experienced by five immigrants who fought for their adopted home. Throughout this study Dretske masterfully uses the lives of th five soldiers to explore what
motivated immigrants to fight and explore what they thought
about slavery. Additionally, Dretske utilizes the experiences
of each soldier to illuminate ho soldiers confronted and coped with war’s tragic consequences. While keenly aware of “the risk [of] heading off to war” the author contends that the battlefield’s destructive realit did not hit home for these men until John Taylor, wounded at Chickamauga, died on November 24, 1863. By examining the lives of the five soldiers, three of whom survived the war; Taylor died in 1863 and Madden died at Andersonville in 1864, Dretske highlights the reality that, although the shooting ceased in the spring of 1865, veterans coped with the war’s physical
and emotional legacies until death. For instance, Dretske’s examination of the postwar life
of Lewin, who died in 1914, reveals that he suffered for the
rest of his life from frequent “dull heavy pains in his head” a
a result of wounds he received a Chickamauga. Dretske’s history offers much more than a microcosm of how the conflict impacted these five men, but also analyzes how the war affected loved ones and neighbors left behind. In additi to discussing the roles civilian home played in lending support to the Soldiers Aid Society or similar organizations, this outstanding study reveals how those on the home front, such as Nancy Murray, John Taylor’s fiancée, too became a battle casualty. While marvelous studies, including those penned by such talented histor as Brian Matthew Jordan, James McPherson, and Peter Carmichael, offer insight into the myriad ways the conflict impacted soldiers, it is a rare to have a volume that traces, in such magnificent detail, the liv of the rank and file from the ye prior to the conflict, their mil
service, and postwar existence. This outstanding vol
carefully researched and cogentl argued, is essential to anyone interested in the Civil War’s lo term impact on the rank and file and their families.
Jonathan A. Noyalas is director of Shenandoah University’ McCormick Civil War Institute in Winchester, Va., a professor in Civil War Era Studies at Shenandoah University, and founding editor of Journal of th Shenandoah Valley During the Civil War Era. He is the author or editor of fourteen books. Noyalas’ latest book, Slavery and Freedom in the Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War Era, was published by the University Press of Florida.
Scholarly Essays that Southern Strategies: Why the Confederacy Failed. By Christian B. Keller, ed. U. Press of Kansas, https://kansaspress. ku.edu, 2021. Maps, illus., end notes, index. Hardcover, 296 pp.
This is an interesting book. Much has been written about why the South lost the war, in book and article form, but the six essays in Southern Strategies claim to be the first to analyze Confederate defeat through “the lenses of classical strategic and leadership theory.” Each contributor brings a level of gravitas to his subject matter not always present in essay collections. Editor Christian B. Keller is a professor of history and the director of the Military History Program at the U.S. Army War College. His other five contributors are retired or active-duty Army officers with a wealth of high-level military and teaching experience. Three essays focus on specific
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trigue the Reader campaigns, Jackson’s 1862 Valley Campaign, the 1862 Maryland Campaign, and 1863 Gettysburg Campaign. Two examine various flaws in Confederate financial and diplomatic policy, while the final essay studies how the Davis War Department mishandled the Trans-Mississippi Theater. The contributors adopted a unified process that identifies and analyzes political and strategiclevel mistakes that seriously diminished the prospects of a Southern victory, and by doing so forced army commanders to overcompensate in what they tried to do on the battlefield. These lost advantages, they argue, could and should have been accomplished usi diplomatic, economic, a informational (intelligenc strengths at the national level. Military power tossed into the mix coins the acronym DIME (no pun intended), an interesting and potentially useful technique to evaluate how a nation state like the Confederacy or the United States, then or now, managed its influence and power at the strategic level. The essays begin with the assumption that the South, at least in theory, possessed sufficient diplomatic, informational, military, and economic power to win its independence. I have my doubts as to the truth of that assumption but clearly this is something unknowable. Keller kicks off the collection with “Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and Strateg Contingencies in the 1862 Valley Campaign,” which borrows from and builds upon his 2019 book The Great Partnership: Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and
ickamauga Civil War Show and Sale g Gap Battle Road, Dalton, GA 3072 ntique weapons, artifacts and memo the country. The show encompassin ionary War through World War II.
the Fate of the Confederacy. Keller examines two main issues affecting DIME: The timing of the Lee-Jackson partnership and Stonewall’s untimely death, and the strategic implications of transferring Jackson from the Valley to Richmond to confront McClellan in what would be known as the Seven Days’ Battles. The exploration of the latter implications offer an especially interesting set of “what if” circumstances. Career Army field artillery officer Eric Johnson, in his “Confederate Economic and Fiscal Policies: Root Causes of Defeat,” argues that actions taken in the economic sphere hamstrung the Confederacy’s ability to win against the Unite States which, to the surprise of one, was superior in every aspec of DIME. This road seems well traveled, and Johnson admits to borrowing the insights of others in this regard. The distinction in his essay, he argues, is that few previous writers have linked the strategic weakness of the Confederacy to its failur to integrate its economic and military options. Next up is “Lee’s Blind Horse: Confederate Intelligence Operations in the 1862 Maryland Campaign,” by Kevin E. McCall, a retired Army officer and forme professor at the U.S. Army War College. As suggested by the tit McCall examines a host of issues including a discussion about Lee’s Special Orders 191 I have yet to see raised elsewhere. I d not find it convincing, but I di find it intriguing. Alex Rossino arguably the leading expert toda on the lost orders, the subject of his recent A Tale Untwisted,
but McCall tosses enough spice into the mix to give readers their money’s worth. Retired U.S. Army infantry officer Erik Anderson, who taught at West Point and is currently an instructor at the War College, penned “For Want of Friends: The Failure of Confederate Diplomacy.” The issues here have been covered elsewhere, the failure of the “King Cotton” strategy, inept and occasionally imbecilic emissaries, and Union diplomatic pushback, among others. Anderson’s nail in the Confederate coffin lid is a deeper dive into the often-overlooked national interests of France and England, which did not coincide with the Confederacy’s. This international failure, of course, threw sand in the South’s already rusty gears comprising DIME. The penultimate contribution, “Going North in 1863: Balancing Boldness and Risk in the Pursuit of Strategic Imperatives,” by Chris Compton, may be the most interesting to general readers of Civil War history. The career field artillery officer and recent graduate of the U.S. Army War College utilizes a strategy analysis tool taught at his alma mater, too complex to fully make sense in a brief review, to evaluate Lee’s decision to move north. Unlike many writers Compton concludes the plan was conceptually sound, but its execution at the operational and tactical levels was deeply flawed. The final entry takes us out we to the Civil War’s red-headed stepchild theater. “The Forgotten Trans-Mississippi Theate and Confederate Strategy,” by Michael J. Forsyth will also be of interest to military enthusiast The retired field artillery office and current assistant professor at the U.S Army Command and General Staff College in Leavenworth, Kansas, h little good to say about how Publishers/Authors
520 Folly Road, Suite 25 PMB Charleston, SC 29412
the Confederacy managed the sprawling region. After examinin everything from theater neglect, poor leadership, and the implementation of weak overall strategies, Forsyth concludes th Davis administration never fully grasped the region’s potential, that Davis’ failure to implement DIME heavily influenced other aspects of the national war. There is nothing to quibble with here. The editor makes it clear at the outset that this book builds on earlier studies like David Donald’s Why the North Won the Civil War (1960) and Gabor Borritt’s Why the Confederacy Lost (1992). In fact, it nests comfortably with those important works and adds additional facets of analysis. Keller’s Southern Strategies is original, crisply written, an uniquely, and in many cases, persuasively, argued. One can disagree with the arguments and conclusions within these pages, but so what? That is the point of scholarly essays. They should make you think and reevaluate what you think you already know.
Theodore P. Savas (Managing Director) graduated from The University of Iowa College of Law in 1986 (With Distinction). He practiced law in Silicon Valley for many years and taught business and history classes at the college level for about 20 years. In 1990, he co-founded (with David Woodbury) the historical press Savas Woodbu Publishers (later S Publishing). The company was sold to an East coast publisher 2001. Ted and the late Russel H. Beatie together founded Savas Beatie in January 2004. Savas is the author or editor of fourteen books as well as scores of articles in a variety of jour magazines, and newspapers.
Worthy of a Higher Rank – The 1864 Shenandoah Valley Campaign Journal of Colonel Joseph Thorburn, Commander First Infantry Division, Army of West Virginia. Edited by Scott C. Patchan. 2021, 35th Sta
Colonel Joseph Thorburn was born in Ireland in 1825. Shortly after his birth, his fam immigrated to the United States. After a number of moves, the family eventually settled in Ohi Here, Thorburn became a school teacher and later a doctor. In 1853, he relocated his family to Wheeling, Virginia, now West Virginia. In May 1861, one month after the attack on Fort Sumter, Thorburn joined the 1st Virginia Infantry USA, a threemonth regiment, as it’s surgeon. The regiment saw action at the June 3, 1861, Battle of Philippi a Union victory. During this battle, Thorburn entered into the thick of battle bearing arms and took command of soldiers around him. During the fighting, Colonel Benjamin F. Kelley, the regiment’s commander, was wounded. In August 1861, with its three-month enlistment up, the 1st Virginia Infantry USA was mustered out of service. The 1st Virginia Volunteer Infantry USA was then reorganized as a threeyear regiment and its ranks fill with former members of the three month regiment. Colonel Kelley at this time was still hospitali thus the men of the new regiment elected Joseph Thorburn as their colonel. In 1863, upon the admittance of West Virginia into the United States as a newly formed state, the 1st Virginia Volunteer Infantry USA became January 2022
the 1st West Virginia Volunteer Infantry USA. The 1st West Virginia Volunteer Infantry USA took part in various engagements and battles along the West Virginia-Virginia border and in the Shenandoah Valley during 1862 and 1863. The regiment suffered numerous casualties during the 1862 Shenandoah Valley Campaign, which saw the regiment forced to retreat into i home state. In the spring of 1864 following a reorganization of Union forces, Colonel Thorburn took command of the 2nd Brigade, First Division in General Franz Sigel’s Army of West Virginia. A month after the May 15, 1864, defeat of General Sigel at the Battle of New Market, Colonel Thorburn was given command of the Army of West Virginia’s First Infantry Division. At this same time, General Sigel was relieved of command of the Army of West Virginia by General George Crook. Confusingly, during General Philip Sheridan’s Army of the Shenandoah 1864 Valley Campaign, General Crook’s Army of West Virginia is often referred to as VIII Corps. On October 19, 1864, Colonel Thorburn’s First Division were among the troops caught up in the Battle of Cedar Creek. During thi fighting, while leading his men, Colonel Thorburn was mortally wounded during confuse fighting in Middletown, Va., and died on the battlefield. Colonel Thorburn’s remains were taken back to Wheeling, West Virginia, where he was laid to rest in the Mt. Wood Cemetery. James E. Taylor, within his sketchbook, has a drawing of the killing of Colonel Thoburn. Major General George Crook, commanding officer Army of West Virginia, wrote after the battle, “I am pained to report th death of Col. Joseph Thoburn, commanding First Division, and Capt. Philip G. Bier, assistant adjutant-general on my staff. Both fell mortally wounded while rallying the men. Brave, efficien and ever conspicuous for their gallantry on the field of battle, them the country sustained a loss not easily repaired.” The book under review contains diary entries, letters, and repor written by Colonel Thoburn during 1864. The first diary entr is for May 4, 1864, and the last entry was written on August 7, 1864. The letters consist of thre the colonel sent home to his wife in August 1864, while the reports consist of two, one submitted in
September and one in October 1864. These diary entries, letter and reports all provide a keen insight into Colonel Thoburn’s relationship with his family and his observations on the events happening around him. Overall, the letters, diary, and official reports provide an objective look at the U.S. Army in the Shenandoah Valley area during 1864. The title of the book is based on a portion of a letter Colonel Thoburn wrote on October 4, 1864. “Genl. Crook and Sheridan have I understand portioned for my promotion, but I do not expect anything from it. — Genl. Cooke still retains me in command of a division while quite a number of Brigadiers are here commanding brigades.” There are three appendixes. The first has reprints of letters containing information on the 1st Virginia Infantry USA during the 1862 Shenandoah Valley Campaign; the second appendix has Colonel Thoburn’s report on the Battle of Piedmont; and the third appendix has eye witness accounts of the death of Colonel Thoburn. The book is an interesting rea that provides insights into the thoughts of a forgotten Union division level officer who is concerned that the war is changin into a hard war and that certain individuals are not qualified for the tasks their position entails. encounters African Americans in Confederate service, but these ar slaves digging entrenchments. It is interesting to speculate if Colonel Thoburn would have received a promotion to Brigadier General or have been awarded a Brevet Brigadier General rank if he had survived to the end of the war. The book is nicely illustrat and contains numerous footnotes. More maps would have helped tell the story. However, if West Virginia Civil War history is of any interest, then by all means purchase this book, as you will gain some greater insight into th conflict.
Charles H. Bogart has a BA from Thomas More University and an MCP from Ohio State University. He is employed as a tour guide at the Fort Boone Civil War Battle Site in Frankfort, Ky., serves as President of the Frankfort Civil War Roundtable, and is a board member of the Kentucky Civil War Roundtable. He has written several books and articles on military and naval history.
No Golden Gloves Fight Grant’s Left Hook: The Bermuda Hundred Campaign,
May 5 - June 7, 1864. By Sean Michael Chick, Photographs, campaign maps and appendices. 171 pp. Savas Beatie (Emerging
This is the thirty-ninth book in the Savas Beatie series. The goal of these works is to “offer compelling, easy to read overviews of some of the Civil War’s most important battles and stories.” This reviewer has reviewed several other works in the series and finds the omissi of a bibliography and footnotes to be the major drawback. Readers must go online to get this information. In the case o Chick’s work, nothing is loaded to the site, even after the aut request on May 2021. In boxing, a left hook is a difficult punch to execute. However, when deli correctly, it is very powerful. Mr. Chick’s most recent work is much the same. He scores several misses, some glancing blows, and a few direct hits. One of the biggest misses is editing. There are no citations alerting readers where footnote might be. In the photo credits on page viii, it appears Scott Williams is abbreviated as “(sc yet all other references in the refer to him as “(sw)”, consist with the other abbreviations us Another shortcoming is the lack of analysis. Many tactical and logistical details are missing. This omission prevents readers from fully understanding the consequences of how Union commanders’ missteps impacted Grant’s 1864 three-pronged plan of attack. The lack of analysis is compounded, because each chapter reads like a list of ev for a particular set of dates i campaign.
On a brighter note, Mr. Chick’s treatment of the command relationship between Confederate generals Lee and Beauregard is interesting and well written. Unfortunately, there is no comparison between Union generals Grant and Butler Including this informa would help readers understand how command relations and leadership styles impa campaign outcomes. Although the order of battle is helpful, readers probably prefer to see sources used, or receive a more depth analysis of the campaign. Appendix B offers an interestin story regarding Jefferson Davis slave who had an encounter with General Butler after the war. However, this appendix doesn’t directly relate to the Bermuda Hundred campaign. In spite of the misses and glancing blows, Mr. Chick’s experience as a New Orleans tour guide, helps make his driving tour an excellent resource and a highlight of thi work. His research is sound and factually correct. His numerous photographs and maps help the reader understand the various battles of this campaign. Mr. Chick’s book is an interesting work that offers a good overview of the campaign. The final chapter does a good job explaining the campaign’s purpose but leaves other chapte somewhat disconnected. Editing issues, little in-depth analysi and limitations presumably imposed by the series editor prevent this from being the gre work it could be.
Richard Blumberg has reviewed over twenty years. Three of his articles have been published in various issues of Civil War New
